Hybridization

Hybridization

11/29/2022

Making a new organism out of two existing organisms

Gregory Mendall, who was the  founder of Mendalls crosses also Hybridization which is where you take two true breeding organisms and cross them.

This why you can a patch of red roses and white roses and get pink one's

"Hybridization, as related to genomics, is the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule."(Sidransky 1). This quote from NIH further explains the process and what hybridization is.

This is how farms and other planters make certain colors or unique crosses of plants. This process is extremely popular in making new species. that aren't native to mother nature.

"Hybridization is widespread across the tree of life, spanning both ancient and recent timescales and a broad range of divergence levels between taxa"(Moran 2021). This quote from life gives evidence that hybridization doesn't just happen in small plants it can also happen in large ones. 

Because this can happen in all shapes and sizes of wildlife it has become a very common process in the world.

Hybridization also isn't just a manmade thing it can happen randomly in nature. Although most of the time its caused by human interaction hybrids can be made on their own.

"With the growing availability of genomic tools and advancements in genomic analyses, it is becoming increasingly clear that gene flow between divergent taxa can generate new phenotypic diversity, allow for adaptation to novel environments, and contribute to speciation."(Goulet 2016). This quote shows us that scientists are developing tools to be able and determine the benefits of hybridization. "Hybridization can have immediate phenotypic consequences through the expression of hybrid vigor. On longer evolutionary time scales, hybridization can lead to local adaption through the introgression of novel alleles and transgressive segregation and, in some cases, result in the formation of new hybrid species."(Goulet 2016). This quote from the national library of medicine further explains some of the benefits of hybridization.

Sometime in the early nineteen hundred's scientist started developing hybrid crops. Which was the process of taking good qualities of some plants and mixing them with other plants."Charles Darwin began the hybrid revolution by proposing that species of plants and animals will change over time. The changes or mutations that helped a species survive were the traits in a species that were then more likely to be passed on to the next generation. Later on in the prehistoric period, man helped out in the process. That's what happened, for instance, when Native Americans picked out the best ears of maize or corn to plant the next year, thereby promoting the best qualities in the species."(Reinherdt 2003). This quote further explains the early process of hybrid crops and how they worked.

"Hybrid vigor is so powerful that scientists began "double-crossing." Two inbred parents, A and B, are crossed at the same time that two other inbred parents, C and D, are crossed. The resulting hybrids, AB and CD are then crossed together to produce a hybrid with the characteristics of all four parents, ABCD. In addition, the new ABCD variety has two generations of hybrid vigor bred into it. This method of double crossing hybrids was used almost exclusively from 1926 until the 1960s. Then scientists developed better inbred lines and found they could get a good result with a single cross."(Reinherdt 2003) According to living history farm this was the advanced version of hybrid farming later in the 1900's.

Overall hybridization has changed the world for the better by creating new plants and new crops.

Refrences

“Hybridization.” Genome.gov, https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/hybridization.

Moran, Benjamin M, et al. “The Genomic Consequences of Hybridization.” ELife, ELife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 4 Aug. 2021, https://elifesciences.org/articles/69016. 

Goulet, Benjamin E, et al. “Hybridization in Plants: Old Ideas, New Techniques.” Plant Physiology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5210733/. 

The Science of Hybrid Crops, https://livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/crops_03.html.